Conjugate vaccines target several leading causes of vaccine-preventable deaths. The three most common causes of bacterial meningitis – Neisseria meningitidis (the meningococcus), Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) – are all protected by their polysaccharide capsule from human host defences. These pathogens are now the leading cause globally Examples of each type of vaccine are shown in Table 1. 1 Basic Concept of Vaccination 1.1 Definition of vaccines Type of vaccine Examples Live-attenuated Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Varicella zoster Inactivated Hepatitis A, Influenza, Pneumococcal polysaccharide Recombinant sub-unit Hepatitis B Toxoid Tetanus, Diphtheria Conjugate polysaccharide A conjugate vaccine joins an antigen to a protein molecule. Examples of conjugate vaccines include the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and the meningococcal conjugate vaccine. The most common conjugate vaccines are the meningitis and pneumonia vaccines used in children. A type of bacterial vaccine that is made by chemically linking (conjugating) a protein molecule with a tiny amount of the polysaccharide that makes up the cell coating of the bacterium. This improves the immune response to the vaccine. Examples are Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), meningococcal and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines Polysaccharide protein conjugate vaccines consist of polysaccharides, generally from the surface coat of bacteria, linked to protein carriers. The combination of the polysaccharide and protein carrier induces an immune response against bacteria displaying the vaccine polysaccharide on their surface, thus preventing disease. These are generally conjugate vaccine. In some gran negative bacteria, LPS is the outermost covering which protect the bacteria from binding with the antibody. So that the immature immune systems of infants and younger children can’t recognize or respond to them. For this conjugate vaccine is used. Examples: Hib vaccine (The vaccine that protects against Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib A vaccine is a medical preparation given to provide immunity from a disease. Vaccines use a variety of different substances ranging from dead microorganisms to genetically engineered antigens to defend the body against potentially harmful microorganisms. Effective vaccines change the immune system by promoting the development of antibodies that can quickly and effectively attack disease Conjugate vaccine. A vaccine that is made by attaching haptens to a protein-based carrier via an appropriate linker. Hapten. A small molecule that is not immunogenic by itself but turns to be immunogenic when attached to a large carrier. Immunogenicity. The ability of a vaccine/antigen to induce an immune response. In silico modeling There are several different types of vaccines. Each type is designed to teach your immune system how to fight off certain kinds of germs — and the serious diseases they cause. When scientists create vaccines, they consider: How your immune system responds to the germ Who needs to be vaccinated against the germ The best technology or approach to create the vaccine Based on a number of these Examples of conjugate vaccines: Bacterial: Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) Vaccine; Pneumoccocal Vaccine; Meningococcal Vaccine
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